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Live Question and Answer Session Transcript

Following the show, Noel Williams, MD, Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP, and Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN participated in a live, online question and answer session with viewers about bariatric procedures. Below is the Q&A transcript.

Stephanie:
What is the recovery time to resume normal activites?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Stephanie - Thank you for your question. Patients are able to return to normal activities within two to four weeks.

Sharon:
I need this, but my insurance won't pay for this. Can you help me?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Sharon -- Thank you for your question. There are advocacy groups that you can get in touch with, from a legal standpoint, to help persuade the insurance company to pay for it. Please call 1-800-789-PENN for more information.

Stephanie:
I am a mother of 4 and when I had my first child in 1989, I had blood clots fron the c section. Am I considered high risk?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
No, your risk would be moderate because we are able to put a special filter in her main vein so that the blood clots would not get to your lungs. This would decrease the risk of serious complication of pulmonary embolus.

Naomi:
Isn't this surgery just a substitute for willpower? I have thought of having the surgery but I'm afraid that I still wouldn't be able to change the real cause of my obesity problems.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Good question. Will power is also necessary following surgery. However, long term success of surgery is significantly better then diet and exercise alone.

Theresa:
Is bariatric surgery covered by most medical insurances?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Yes, bariatric surgery is covered by most medical insurance.

Stephanie:
What is the average weight loss in the first 3-6 months after surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
This varies significantly from patient to patient. On average individuals lose between 40-75 pounds between 3-6 months following surgery.

Stephanie:
I heard that having the method of surgery that was shown on tv is higher risk than the more invasive procedure. Can you please comment on that?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Stephanie -- If you are going to have the laparoscopic approach, it is important to go to a bariatric program that has significant experience with this approach. If you do this, there is no difference in the risk.

Debbe:
If considering this type of surgery and not sure of adherence to the diet restrictions, would you give the patient a chance to follow the diet beforehand? Does this surgery have better success rate compared to Lap-Band?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Debbe - Thank you for your question. Yes, sometimes we encourage patients to try eating the types of foods on the post-op diet. It would be difficult to eat the portion size required after surgery. However, you would want to start making behavioral and diet changes.

Theresa:
After this type of surgery, is your diet restricted to certain types of foods or is the patient able to eat their usual diet but in much smaller portions? Thank you!

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
There will be some foods that you will be unable to tolerate after surgery. Sometimes this is temporary and in other cases it is permanent. Every person is different.

Katie:
I have a consult date for early June with Dr. Williams. The one thing concerning me at this time is that I had 2 abdominal surgeries in the past 2 years. Will the adhesions and scar tissue hinder surgery, Open RNY or Lap RNY?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
It would depend on what your previous surgery was, and where your incisions are, but we often operate on patients who have had previous abdominal surgeries.

Stephanie
What is the wait for the open surgery? Are there meetings to attend before?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Stephanie - Currently the wait period is four to six months. We have monthly support group meetings that you can attend before and after your surgery.

John:
Hi Katie, it's JR. I thought I'd stop in and say that the show is top-notch!

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Thanks JR!!! You are the best!

Dottie:
How much does it cost and will health insurence pay for it? Is there a lot of pain after the operation?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Most insurance companies will pay for it, therefore there is no out of pocket cost to the patient. There is some pain, but it is well controlled by post operative pain medication.

Linda:
Hello everyone! Guess what? I'm down 71 pounds since my surgery and I feel great. Thank you for everything.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Linda - Thanks for your message. Dr. Williams and Katie say hi. Great job on your weight loss and the show. You are very inspirational.

Linda:
I'm learning a lot from this program. I had a VBG in 2000. I had none of the pre or post op support that was discussed tonight. Has this changed since my surgey? Or did the VBG not warrant this type of support?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Linda, Yes, support groups are necessary following VBG as well. It has been proven that long term support increases success longterm following any type of Bariatric Surgery.

Jacquie:
I have 2 aunts that had the surgery with your bariatric services, but when I met with my primary doctor, he told my I am not a candidate. I am 5'1" and 230 lbs. My weight is really causing alot of health risk and I'm in the precusor stage of type 2 diabetes. Why am I not a candidate? I am at least 100lbs overweight.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Jacquie - If you are 100 lbs overweight, you are a candidate for the operation. Please call 1-800-789-PENN for an evaluation.

Christa:
How long of a wait is it to schedule surgery? Here in NJ I have to wait until October.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Christa, Currently the wait time for an initial appointment is 4-8 months. Once the initial appointment is complete, wait time to surgery is approximately 2 months.

Greg:
I know this was extremely risky a few years ago. What are the risks of complications and chances of success on average today?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
The chances of success with this operation are excellent. The complications are now to a minimum in hospitals where signficant numbers of these procedures are done.

Linda:
Do you also do the reversible technique? Is it an easier procedure for the patient?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
At this point in time, some insurance companies are beginning to cover the reversible technique. Yes, it is easier on the patient.

Tom:
I notice you did not mention the LAP Band as an option. Do you do that procedure? If not why?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Tom, Currently the insurance companies in Pennsylvania have not covered the Lap Band. Our surgeon is trained in the lap band and you are welcome to have an initial consultation. Due to the insurance issues, an appeal may be necessary if the procedure is denied.

Peggy:
I'm about 175 lbs. overweight. I have shortness of breath and edema in my feet and ankles. I'm really worried about the risks of bariatric surgery. What can you tell me?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Peggy - Thank you for your question. It is important when considering the surgery that you look at the number of operations that the surgeon has performed. At the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, we have performed over 1,000 bariatric surgeries. To schedule an evaluation, call 1-800-789-PENN.

Greg:
As I am approaching 50, is there generally a need for cosmetic surgery due to the skin not being as elastic?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
The chances are, if you have surgery for morbid obesity at your age, you will need to have cosmetic surgery.

Feng:
My son is 17 years old and he weighs about 240 lbs. His height is about 5 foot 10. Do you think I should look into this procedure for him?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Feng, First of all it is necessary to look at your child's overall health. Surgery on Adolescents is a serious option. We take it very seriously and make sure adolescents need surgery. First of all you need to be sure he has exhausted all other weight loss options.

Dawn:
I got surgery at Pennsyvania Hospital back in February and I lost 61 pounds. I did hit a plateau for a month, though. I know carbs are a big factor in the diet. However, everything has carbs. Would it be wise to take the carb blocking pills to help and give an extra boost?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Dawn - Carb blocking pills may initially help you lose weight. However, you will not permanently keep the weight off. It is important to adjust your diet. Protein is the key to successful weight maintenance and you should try to consume lean proteins at each meal or snack.

Robin:
This has been a real eye opener. Thank you. What's the most common side affect from surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
The most common side effect after surgery is dehydration, and for that reason, we give our patients very clear guidelines on nutrition after surgery.

Sheila:
I will be 62 in October. Is my age an impediment to having the bariatric surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Sheila, Age alone is not a limitation to surgery. We look at each individuals entire health history and current health condition prior to making a decision about proceeding with surgery.

Beverly:
Thank you Dr. Williams, Katie, Rachel and your entire team for what you did for my husband, Ken. He is a completely different person since surgery and a poster child for your total lifestyle change program. He is an inspiration to everyone, thanks to you.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Beverly - Thank you for your message. We are so happy that Ken is doing well. He is a successful bariatric surgery patient and we are happty to see that.

Pam:
I have type I diabetes, and I've had a cardiac bypass. Could I be a candidate for bariatric surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Yes, you would be a candidate for surgery. However, you would need to be fully evaluated from a medical and cardiac standpoint prior to surgery.

Denise:
After having such surgery, is one able to be taken off of insulin and many medications for things such as high blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol, etc?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Denise - Weight loss greatly contributes to the improvement of many conditions. We see patients discontinuing their medications or greatly reducing the need for the medication.

Karen:
Can you tell me more about the after-effects of the surgery, namely the excess skin? Is plastic surgery covered by insurance down the road?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Karen, Currently most insurance companies cover excess skin surgery if it is medically necessary.

Mary:
Hi Katie & Dr. Williams,
The show was great. I am so excited I am having my surgery on May 20. See you all soon.

Tracey:
What is required for your insurance company to cover this surgery? What are the risk for a 50ish asthmatic female?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Requirements vary with different insurance companies. You will need to receive guidelines from individual insurance companies. However, the majority of insurance companies cover the surgery. In relation to your second question, you would need to be fully evaluated by a pulmonary doctor, but your risk is acceptable.

Rufus:
I have tried every diet and program you can imagine and i still do not lose weight. Is the surgery available for everyone and what is the time frame before you get it?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Rufus - The surgery is available to those who meet the criteria of 100 lbs overweight. Our timeframe for an appointment is four to eight months. With surgery approximately two months after that. We have support group meetings you can attend before your appointment.

Jackie:
I am very interested in the surgery, but I don't have any insurance to pay for it. I've tried everything imaginable to lose weight, with no success. I am mordily obese and need to lose the weight. Are there any doctors out there who are willing to peform this surgery for people in my situation. Thanks.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jackie -- Unfortunately, most institutions will not allow their physicians to operate on patients who do not have insurance.

Debbe:
Does this type of surgery have a better success rate over LapBand surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Debbe, Yes it has a better success rate then the Lap Band surgery. The estimate for an excellent result from Gastric Bypass is weight loss of 70% of excess body weight. Estimates for the lap band vary from 40-60%.

Audrey:
Thank you so much for this program. This has helped my family have a better understanding of what I'm about to endure. How soon after my evaluation will I be scheduled with the psycologist and nutritionist.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Audrey - Thank you for your question. At your initial consultation you will be scheduled for an appointment with a nutritionist and psychologist. These appointments are typically scheduled three weeks after your initial visit.

Peg:
Does the stomach grow depending on how much one eats (before surgery)? This is a question Weight Watchers would never answer and I am just curious!

Noel N. Williams, MD:
The stomach does not grow depending on how much you eat.

Robin:
I am a breast cancer survivor diagnosed in January of 2000. Since then, I have put on around 80 punds due to inactivity, depression and loss of thyroid function. I'm 4'11" and weigh 228 pounds. Am I a good candidate.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Robin, We would need to meet you and perform a thourough history and physical examination to determine if you are a good candidate for surgery.

Lynne:
Are there any studies or do you have any knowledge of people with Hepatitis C having problems with fatty liver and cirrohsis after bariatric surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Weight loss will improve fatty liver associated with this disease.

Dolores:
I was all set for this surgery, but the day before (8-7-2002) the surgeon called me to say another of his patients was having trouble and he would not do me because he did not want any more trouble. Since then I have gained even more weight. I have Keystone HPE. Could you help me. I am a teacher, age 59, and NEED this surgery soon to recover over the summer vacation from my job. Can you please help?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Dolores - Thank you for your question. Currently there is a four to eight month wait period for an evaluation. Please call us at 1-800-789-PENN for an evaluation. Support group meetings are available prior to your evaluation and surgery.

Pat:
I'm 60 years old and have diabetes and had angioplasty in 1999. I don't take insulin, but do take other medication.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Pat, due to your significant health history, it is difficult to say if you are a candidate in this forum. We would need to perform a complete history and physical examination as well as obtain a cardiac evaluation in order to decide if you are a candidate for Bariatric Surgery.

Lona:
There is a procedure where a "band" is placed that can be tighten in the office. Is this procedure more risky than the procedure showned on tv? Quite frankly, I truly need the procedure for multiple health issues but I'm scared of the risks.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
No, this procedure is not more risky than that shown on TV. If you truly need this procedure, you should attend one of our support groups for more information. Call 1-800-789-PENN.

Bonnie:
I have also had previous surguries. Last year I was treated for stomach ulcers. I have hypertension, diabetes (oral medication) and colitis at times. I am 56 yrs old and at 5'3" I weigh 270 lbs. With my past medical issues would I even be considered. I have tried every commercial diet and would like to make a permanent change

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Bonnie, Since you have a complex medical and surgical history, we would need to meet you and perform a complete history and physical examination, as well as pre operative tests to determine if you are a surgical candidate.

Denise:
I am scheduled to met with Dr. Williams in July. It is unclear to me if I am do anything prior to that intial meeting, or is my visit to establish a plan. I have waited over one year for this appointment.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Denise - Thank you for your question. The initial visit is the first thing that you need to do. If you need a referral from your primary doctor, please bring that with you to your appointment. You may attend monthly support group meetings prior to your appointment. To learn more about support group meetings, please call 1-800-789-PENN.

Gerry:
After meeting Doctors, going to appointments, and meeting the staff team, how long will it be before I can have the surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Gerry -- Surgery will take place 6 to 8 weeks after meeting with doctors.

Emma:
Hello - If I move, is there support in other States?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
We do not offer support group in other states, however our patients who have moved have joined support groups that are run by other Bariatric Programs.

Annemarie:
Wanted to thank Penn and Dr. Kirkland for giving my husband's his life back. He has already lost about 60+ lbs since Jan 21, 2004. He is a new person. THANK YOU!!!

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Annemarie - Thank you for your message. Congratulations to your husband.

Tanya:
I have high blood pressure. Would this pose an extra risk during the surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Tanya, When patients have high blood pressure, we require cardiac clearance from a cardiologist to determine if it is safe to proceed with surgery.

James:
What factors determine whether the laproscopic procedure is used in WLS insted of the open procedure?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
95% of patients who come to our practice will get the laparoscopic approach. There are certain situations where this is not possible because of previous surgery.

Michelle:
I am 289 lbs and 5'9" is there a weight\height requirement before qulifing for this surgery?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Michelle - Thank you for your question. There is a weight criteria of 100 pounds overweight or approximately 80 pounds with obesity related problems (i.e. diabetes, sleep apnea, or high blood pressure).

Patsy:
Hi, what is the BMI that justifies this surgery?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Patsy - Thank you for your question. A BMI of 40 or 35 with obesity-related complications such as sleep apnea, high blood pressure or diabetes.

Dawn:
My mother is going for surgery soon. She had a screen put in for blood clots and is on cumadin (blood thinners). Which is a better option from your stand point for surger? This or shots in the stomache for a few days before called lomox. The heart doctor said to be in the hospital for a few days before and take heprin due to her size. She is 460 and 5'5"

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Dawn, We also place IVC filters (screens) in patients who are at high risk for blood clots. Some physicians may also use blood thinners such as Coumadin, Heparin, or Lovenox as well.

Edna:
I have been interested in this surgery for a couple years, I have already learned much , but I was wondering how long does it take to get an appointment for an evaluation, then how long to the actual surgery? How long will I be out of work? I sit at a desk most of the day.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
For initial evaluation appointment, it will take 4 months from the first phone call. After this visit, surgery will be 6 to 8 weeks later. You would be out of work for approximately 3 weeks.

Michelle
I am 5'5 and weight about 250 lbs. I am open to learn more, but I am not sure if it's the right surgery for me. Are there classes or someone I can talk to?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Michelle - We have monthly support group meetings that you can attend prior to making an appointment. This includes pre and post-operative patients. The meeting is run by the bariatric surgery team at Penn. Call 1-800-789-PENN for more information.

Audrey
I am actually scheduled to meet with Dr. Williams in July. My question is this: I had a blood clot years ago after gallbladder surgery. Does that make me less of a candidate for this surgery since a side effect are blood clots?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Audrey, We do pay special attention to patients with a history of blood clots. This does not however preclude you from proceeding with the operation. When we meet you we will discuss this with you in detail.

Paula:
I had a hysteritomy in September 2002 with complications due to extensive adhersions from past abdominal surgeries. Will this affect me qualifing for Bariatric surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Paula -- Each situation is individual and you would need to be evaluated in the office prior to making a decision on qualification for surgery.

Chipper
I know about eating protein first, but I've never heard you're to wait 30 minutes to drink fluids after eating.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Chipper - Thank you for your question. Initially, the pouch is not equipped to handle foods and fluids at the same time. If you eat and drink too close together you likely will get sick. As you progress through your recovery, the time between eating and drinking will lessen.

Joan:
I am considering weight loss surgery and have read that there is a less drastic option called gastric banding. Do you offer this option and if not, why not?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Joan, Currently the gastric banding or Lap band is not covered by Pennsylvania insurance companies. We are trained in this procedure and patients are able to be evaluated for this procedure with the understanding that it may be difficult to obtain insurance coverage.

Peg:
I quit smoking one year ago and gained 50 pounds. I am now at 300 pounds (5'2"). I can't stand my weight. Do I need my family doctor to refer me to you for insurance purposes?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Yes, you would need your family doctor to refer you. Please call 1-800-789-PENN to schedule an appointment.

Bernie:
Dr. Williams, I just wish to say the surgery you did for me 2 years ago has been excellent. I have gone to doing major remodeling and building re-construction for the Dragon House rest. in Wildwood,N.J. and now work full time. Please contact me at (609)425-2588. Thank you again. Bernie

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Bernie -- I am happy to know that you are doing well. Dr. Williams says that he will be there this summer!

Kathleen:
I had open bariatric surgery 2 and 1/2 years ago. It is unsuccessful in that I can (and do) eat just as much now as before the surgery and have had none of the behavior mod changes that I was told to expect. Could I be evaluated?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Kathleen Yes, you could be evaluated for surgery. We would have you meet with our entire team including the Psychologists to assist you with the behavior modification piece.

Jamey
I have a large surgial hernia. When i lay down it stick outs. Will Ibe a candiate for the surgery? Thank you.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jamey, we would need to see you in the office for an evaluation, but a hernia does not preclude you from surgery.

Lisa:
Are there procedures for someone who is overweight but not quite 100 lbs? I was told that I am not a good canidate because I'm about 80 lbs overweight .

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Lisa - Thank you for your question. At this time, surgery has only been approved for those are 100 pounds or more overweight. If you are 80 pounds overweight and have obesity related problems such as sleep apnea, high blood pressure, or diabetes you may be a candidate. To learn more about the program at Penn, call 1-800-789-PENN.

Michele:
I have Hepatitis C. Would I still be able to get this done?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Michele - You will be able to have surgery, but would have to be fully evaluated from a liver function standpoint, prior to surgery.

Dave:
I am 400 lbs and have tried everything. I would like to attend the support meetings. Can you give me more information -- times, dates. Are there any meetings at night ?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Dave, The support group meeting meets the second saturday of each month. We meet at the Hospital of the University of Pennyslvania (34th and Spruce ) in the admissions center on Silverstein 1 from 10am to 12pm. The only exeption to this schedule is june. WE meet on June 5th instead.

Sandie:
Do you have to be 100 pounds are more before you are considered? I am 5 feet tall and weigh 198, and have sleep apnea which was determined from Penn. I have tried diets and have lost about 50 pounds in the last 9 years but can't get the rest off and now due to knee problems, I can't exercise.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Sandie, We actually look at patient BMI to determine if they are surgical candidates. You can find a BMI calculator online to determine what your BMI is. The criteria for surgery are a BMI of 40 or greater, or 35 or greater with obesity related health problems (such as sleep apnea).

Joanne:
Dr. Williams, I am one of your miracle patients. You did my surgery last March 5, 2003 and so far I have lost 100 pounds. My sister, Diane, had the surgery 3 months later and she has lost even more. I am jealous of her but thrilled for both of us! Anyone who asks me if I would do it again, I give them your number and say I wish I had known you 20 years ago. To you and your entire team, I want to say "Thank You" for your gifts, caring and for giving me the confidence to live my life again! I really enjoyed your show tonite and know that it took time and energy to put it together. It was fabulous and again, a gift to those who need this surgery to live. Hugs, Joanne Fay

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Joanne -- Many thanks.

Ange:
Congrats team, awesome show.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Ange - Thanks for your message. You are an important part of the team!

Helen:
What is the leading cause of death after the surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Pulmonary embolism, or blood clots to the lungs, are the leading cause of death after the surgery.

Robin:
Since I have been cancer free for almost 5 years, would I be at any additional risk?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Robin, This depends on a variety of factors. We would need to perform a thourough history and physical exam as well as pre operative testing to determine the answer to this question.

Susan:
How are family members involved in the process?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Susan, Family members are encouraged to attend all aspects of the program. This includes the initial evaluation, nutrition class, psychology evaluation and support group meetings.

Lorraine:
With the laporoscopic surgery like Linda had, how soon could I go back to work? Also, what happens when you get to your goal weight with the extra skin, is there cosmetic reconstruction surgery too?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Lorraine -- You could return to work in approximately 3 weeks. We work closely with the plastic surgeons at PENN, and refer patients to them who require cosmetic reconstruction.

Tanya:
I am 5'8" tall, and currently weigh 260 lbs. Would I be eligible for this surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Tanya, Yes, by your BMI you are a candidate.

Sarah:
Do you have a special ward for bariatric patients? Also, how many doctors at HUP are performing this surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Sarah - yes, we do have a special ward for bariatric patients. In addition to myself, Dr. Steven Raper performs bariatric surgery at HUP.

Jeff:
I am from the Lehigh Valley. Do you get many patients from here and does Blue Cross from here cover the procedure if you are obese?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Jeff, We actually get patients from all over the Delaware Valley. You should contact Blue Cross to make sure that your plan covers the procedure (however, blue cross usually does).

Barbara:
Hi, I had my surgery 7/02 and I'm down 100 lbs and I feel great. I still want to lose at least 30 more. I go to a gym and I'm real anxious to lose this weight. Does it go slower now? Next, my doctor moved his practice up to the Newark area. Is there a support mtg in South Jersey or Philadelphia? Thanks the show was super and right on target!

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Barbara - The typical weight loss period is 12 to 18 months. At this point, the weight loss will be up to you by exercising and eating healthy. Support groups are for patients coming to Penn or who had their surgery at Penn. However, if you are unable to attend meetings where you had your surgery, please feel free to attend our meetings. Call 1-800-789-PENN for a schedule.

Linda:
If you are considering bariatric surgery, the most important thing you can do for yourself is to weigh all the factors and go to the best team, including the surgeon, nutritionist, program supervisor, surgical team and hospital. After considerable research I found the whole package at the University of Pennsylvania Health System.

Carol:
What are the financial costs to patients (initial consultation fees, etc). Also, how can interested people get information on the nutrition classes and support groups befor the surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Carol, Some insurance companies do not cover the initial consultation (which costs about $200). You need to check with your insurance regarding this cost. Patients must also pay $200 for the nutrition class/counseling and $200 for the psychology evaluation. You can get information on the support group by calling the 1800789 PENN phone number.

Audrey:
Thank you for the program this evening. It has enabled my family to have a better understanding of what I am about to endure. How soon after my inital consult will I see the Psycologist and nutritionist.?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Audrey - After the initial visit, you will see the psychologist and nutrionist within three weeks.

Pam:
Does insurance cover cosmetic surgery if needed after the weight loss to reduce excess skin?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Pam -- It will only cover cosmetic surgery if it is deemed to be medically necessary. Otherwise, it will have to be paid by the patient.

Dianne:
My husband had the Lap Band surgery done I belive 4 years ago by Dr. Nole Williams and had 2 follow up visits with him. He was 320 lbs. The first year he lost 100 lbs. then he started gaining weight back. He is now back up to to 290. Is it possible the bands streched or broke? And it possible to have surgery re-done?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Dianne -- It is possible that the pouch has expanded, which would explain his weight regain. Yes, it is possible to have this converted to a gastric bypass.

Sandie:
If you have had laproscopic surgery previously can you still be a candidate?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Sandie, We would need to meet you and perform a complete history and physical exam as well as pre operative testing to ensure that you would be a candidate. Usually previous laproscopic surgery does not cause a problem with this operation.

Audrey:
Once you have the surgery is there any chance to actually gain back all of the weight you may lose?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Audrey - Yes it is possible. It is very important that you make behavioral and diet modifications to permanently maintain your weight loss.

Mary:
I had intestinal bypass surgery in 1976. It didn't work. I weight presently 378lbs. I am 57 can I get WLS.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Mary -- You would have to be carefully evaluated prior to making this decision.

Mary:
I was glued to the t.v. during your show. In 1990 (February) I was diagnosed with endometrial cancer. I had radiation therapy and finished my last treatment in June 1990. I am 14 years out and have annual check ups. Am I a candidate for this type of surgery ?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Mary, This is difficult to answer without meeting you and reviewing your entire health history in detail. Cancer is not a contraindication to surgery if it has resolved.

Cathy:
I have had a double hernia repair as well as a total abdominal hysterectomy. Will this hinder WLS?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Cathy - No, this will not hinder weight loss surgery.

Pauline:
My son tips the scale at 500 lbs. He's 6'5" tall. Ten yrs ago he was approx 250. He's not yet developed high blood pressure or diabetes, however, both run in our family. Might he be a candidate for bypass surgery?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Pauline - Thank you for your question. Your son is 100 pounds overweight making him a candidate for obesity surgery. If you would like to schedule an evaluation at PENN, please call 1-800-789-PENN.

James Preston
Dr. Williams: I just receved a surgery date of 6-22-04. Please don't retire until seeing me. Thanks.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi James - Thanks for your message. We will see you in June.

Robin:
Is there any insight to any compications that may surface 15-20 years down the road?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Robin -- Very good question. It is for this reason that careful post operative follow up is mandatory for patients who undergo this surgery.

Chipper:
I noticed in a question above for surgery the waiting period is 4-6 months. You said, had an appointment for mid december 2003. After waiting many months for it, it was cancelled 3 weeks before my appointment date. When they called they tried to reschedule it and I said no. I waited long enough to be evaluated. If I call and make another appointment, will it be within 6 months to surgery as stated in questions above from another person? Thanks.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Chipper, We have recently changed our clinic times to decrease the wait for an appointment. You are welcome to call and we will do our best to accommodate you sooner.

Karen:
I generally always vomit after anesthesia. Would this risk the newly stapled stomach?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Karen -- Our anesthesiogists will make sure you do not vomit after surgery.

Pam:
What are the dietary resrictions after the procedure?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Pam - Thank you for your question. There are several restrictions. There will be foods that you can no longer tolerate. You will also have to make changes in your eating behaviors.

Marie:
I'm going to have the surgery in June and am worried about blood clots. What cause's them and is there any thing I can do to help not get them?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Marie, Blood clots are a risk from surgery. They are caused by the fact that you are in bed during the operation and for a period of time afterwards. Obesity also increases the risk of blood clots. We use many modalities to prevent this risk in our patients.

Peg:
How long is the hospital stay for bariatric surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Peg, The hospital stay is on average 4 days.

Helen:
What is the leading cause of death after the surery?

Lou:
Great show, You all did a great job.

Saunsiree:
I have hypothyroidism and I had the rt thyroid lobe removed. Since then my doctors are having a hard time regulating my medicine and I keep gaining weight. My primary suggested I look into this. My main question is will this help someone fighting with hypothyroidism?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Saunsiree, Hypothyroidism is not a contraindication to surgey.

Roe:
I have been dieting since I have been in grade school. I am 55 years old and definitely need to lose 150 lbs. When I do diet, I am focused, but once I slip, look out. It is great that there is a support group, but best of all the option that if you don't follow what you need to do, you will become ill. How long is recovery time? I have signed up to set up a date for an evaluation.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Roe -- Recovery time after surgery is 3-4 weeks.

Dave:
I am a 67 year old type 2 diabetic male weighing 285 lbs and am 6'1" tall. Am I eligible for Bariatric Surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Dave, Due to your variety of health problems you most likely are a candidate for surgery. Since you are 67 years old, we would need to evaluate you carefully to determine if this is a safe option for you.

Theresa:
Are there any guidelines regarding age in having this surgery? Should it not be performed after a certain age? Thank you!

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Theresa - Generally, the age range is 20-65, however, we have operated on patients 16-19 in certain situations.

Gerry:
If you are over 65 will there be a lot of lose skin from the weight lost? If so, can it be tighten through surgey?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Hi Gerry - Thank you for your message. This will depend on your initial size, however if there is loose skin it can be tightened with surgery.

Bonnie:
I inquired about Bariatric surgery 2 years ago and at the time Aetna said that I would have to be on a doctor supervised diet for at least 6 months. Does that still hold true. Over the course of my last 20 years I have been on many diets with doctors and commercial brand diets. Does none of that count? I lost but always put back on the weight.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Bonnie, Yes, Aetna does require at least 6 months of supervised dieting in order to approve the surgery. Your previous dieting attempts count if you have documentation of physician supervision.

Barbara:
Way to go, team!!!! I enjoyed every minute.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Barbara, THANKS!!

Theresa:
Hello, I am super morbidly obese. My BMI is around 70. I currently weigh 480lbs. Am I too high risk to have the surgery or if I am a candidate are there more risks involved?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Theresa, We would need to meet you in person and perform a thourough pre operative evaluation to determine the severity of risk for the operation.

Lyn:
My medical doctor is too concerned about the 5% death rate that has been reported with this surgery. What are the adverse event statistics at Penn?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Lyn -- the 5% death rate statistic is a nationally published figure based on all comers. We stratify risk based on the patient's medical complications prior to surgery. Patients are carefully evaluated to decrease the risk. Our mortality rates are well below the national average.

Toni:
I am over 90 lbs over weight I am not able to loss the weight. Would I be a canadate for this. Age 60 5'5" 225.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Toni, Criteria for surgery are a BMI of 40 or greater, or a BMI of 35 or greater with obesity related health problems. As for your age, we evaluate each patient on an individual basis to determine if it is safe to proceed with surgery.

Peg:
I noticed you congratulating some patients on their success....what happens to one's stomach and body if they are not "successful" after the surgery? Can they still gain weight with such a small stomach? Thanks for this forum. I am just full of questions!

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Peg - As long as patients follow the instructions post operatively, they will lose weight and the operation will be successful.

Audrey:
Is there anything that can be done after surgery to reduce the amount of excess skin. In other words will exercise take care of this or will there be some sort of excess skin if you are severely overweight.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Audrey, Exercise does help tone muscles and to some extent excess skin. In some individuals the elasticity of the skin does not improve with exercise.

Paula:
What is concern to be a normal amount of time after surgery that you can return to work?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Paula -- You should be able to return to work in 3 weeks.

Toni:
I am over 90 lbs over weight I am not able to loss the weight. Would I be a canadate for this. Age 60 5'5" 225.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Hi Toni - At 90 pounds overweight with obesity-related medical problems including sleep apnea, high blood pressure or diabetes, you would be a candidate for the surgery. If you have no medical problems, the criteria is 100 pounds overweight.

Molly:
Dr Williams,
I have already had a consult with you. My inusurance was willing to cover in network costs, however because you are out of network, they only will pay me if I was willing to have an affadavit drawn up to insure the hospital receive their money. Not good enough with the pre-admission certification. Seems to me this is all about money. I am not a charity case, nor do I have $6,000. to put out up front. Am willing to pay, however no provisions or considerations are made. This for the good of the patient? Or is the really about money as I stated above.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Molly -- Please call my office on Monday to discuss. Thank you.

Annmarie:
Don't know if my first message got through, it said it did not. I had surgery on March 31. I had complications and was in the hospital for 7 days and was given 6 pints of blood. My incision was infected and is still draining, and on top of that I am sick as a dog. I am ,very, very nauseous. They tell me to drink iospure, that would make me sick to my stomach if I wasn't already, just about keep water down. Any ideas on what to do? I also tried suppositorys and they don't help. It's been 18 days. Am I ever going to feel better?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Annmarie -- Please call 1-800-789-PENN for advice.

Kathy:
I've lost 75 lbs in 6 months since surgery (thanks to the HUP team). I'm getting discouraged though, that the weight loss is so much slower then many other people at the support groups. I exercise every day, and stick to the program, but I'm stuck on 75...any suggestions?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Hi Kathy - Thank you for your message. Weight loss varies for each patient. People do hit plateaus. At this point, your weight loss will be much slower - likely one to two pounds per week. Continue your healthy eating habits and remember to consume protein at each meal. Also remember to exercise. Doing this will help you break the plateau.

Sandy:
Hi, I'm 48yrs old about 300lbs, 5'4". Previous surgery lap/gall bladder and total abdominal hystercomy, then radiation therapy. Am I a high risk for surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Sandy, We would need to evaluate you in person and perform a thorough history & physical examination as well as pre operative testing. The variety of your health history does not usually preclude surgery.

Harriet:
Would a chronic condition like Interstitial Cystitis preclude me from Bariatric Surgery. I am in pain alot of the time.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Harriet -- This does not preclude you from bariatric surgery.

Colleen:
I had a gastric bypass about 25 yrs ago. I am anemic and struggling to lose weight. I have gone to Weight Watchers with no big results, because it is more calories than I have been eatting.
Where do I turn?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Colleen - Thank you for your question. It is important to take supplements and if you have been diagnosed as anemic by your primary care physician, you may need iron supplements. If you do not consume enough calories as suggested by Weight Watchers, you may not lose weight.

Alice:
I am 65 years old, have Type II diabetes, controlled high blood pressure and had a mild heart attack in December. I have been going to cardiac rehab and am making progress but it is very difficult at a weight of 289 lbs. Would these ailments rule me out?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Alice, Due to the severity of your health problems and your age, we would need to evaluate you and have you undergo a thourough cardiac evaluation to determine if the surgery is safe for you.

I heard there is a geater chance of the staple gun miss firing in the lap procedure. I would prefer this procedure, but this problem does scare me. What do you think about this?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Christa -- This information is false. There is no difference in the two procedures. However, it is important for the surgeon to use the proper sized stapler for each person's stomach.

Pat:
I am 280 lbs. and type 2 diabetic, also have been bulemic in years past. Would I be considered for this surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Pat, Due to your history of Bulemia we would have you undergo a psychology evaluation to determine if this type of surgery is a safe option for you.

Cris:
I eat much of the time even after i am full-if it's there i'll eat it even if i'm to the point of feeling sick. What about that in regards to the lap surg?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Cris - You will need to be evaluated prior to surgery to see if you are a candidate for surgery.

Dave:
Your show was great!! Thanks for all the information. It gives a person a lot to think about, especially knowing I am overweight and diabetic myself as I stated on an earlier message. I am sure there are side affects to the surgery which you did not bother talking about. What are the draw backs for someone my age, 67. Thanks again and God Bless. Keep up the great work.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Dave - Thank you for your question. You should schedule an individual consultation to evaluate your health history to see if you are a candidate for surgery. Please call 1-800-789-PENN for additional information.

Richard:
Is age a determining factor?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Richard -- Generally speaking, the age range is 20-65.

Anita:
Hello I'm Anita and I'm 308 lbs. and 5`2 I have high blood pressure and asthma and I may need a knee replacement very soon. I would like to have the Laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery but I don't think my Insurance will cover it and I don't know what to do can you help me. PLEASE. I'm 43 and want to be around to see Grandchildren.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Anita, Most insurance companies cover the procedure. If yours does not, there are patient advocacy groups that can help. Please call 1-800-789-PENN for more information on this topic.

Patty:
What types of health problems would disqualify one for the surgery? I had v-tac, no blockages, ablation to repair, but no problems since. Would this be a concern ?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Patty -- This would not necessarily be a problem, but you would need to be carefully evaluated by a cardiologist prior to surgery.

Catherine:
My daughter's been advised to have a hernia removed. Would that make her a poor candidate for bypass surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Catherine, It depends on the type of hernia. Rarely hernia's preclude a patient from undergoing Bariatric Surgery.

Sarah:
Is it possible to "stretch" the pouch after surgery and regain the weight?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Sarah - Thank you for your question. The pouch is difficult to stretch, however it adapts. Therefore, you can consume more calories than necessary without eating large portions. This could cause you to gain weight.

Elissa:
I had RNY WLS in Delaware on January 26th. The surgery is performed by a similar team. I did have a stricture and had and EGD and my stomach needed to be strecthed about 6 weeks out. How common is this and I'm told it might happen again? Thanks for the informative program.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Elissa -- This happens in approximately 3% of patients. Usually, one stretch is sufficient but some patients require two.

Fran:
How many of these surgerys do you do a day?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Fran, The surgeons perform between 2-4 surgical procedures daily.

Sue:
How do I figure out my BMI?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Sue - Thank you for your question. There are many BMI calculators online. If you "google" BMI online you would be able to calculate your individual BMI.

Sam:
What evaluations are done besides the nutrition and psychological?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Sam, Patients undergo a thourough history and physical examination by a nurse practioner and surgeon. Some patients also require a physical therapy evaluation as well.

Roberta:
I am 38 year black female and have been morbidly obese most of my life. At last weight I was 385lbs and am only 4'11" tall. I have been seriously considering being evaluated. I have one drawback, I am uninsured and my family's income is too great for medicaid. Would you and the university consider taking on a paitent who has no insurance?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Roberta -- Thank you for your question. Unfortunately, the hospital cannot admit a patient without insurance for this procedure.

Pat:
Once you reach your target goal how do you slow/stop the weight loss?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Pat - Your body knows when to stop losing weight. It is important to make dietary and behavior changes. Regular exercise is important too.

Jim:
You answered a question earlier about the wait time to resume normal activities. You said 2-4 weeks. Was that for laparoscopic or invasive, and does normal activities include work? Thanks.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jim -- This is for the laparoscopic approach. Normal activities would include work.

Linda:
I am diabetic and have had two upen heart sugeries. I am presently 160 pounds over weight on medicare , disablity - I need help please?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Linda, We would need to meet you and perform a thourough history and physical examination, and undergo a cardiac evaluation. This would determine if Bariatric Surgery is a safe option for you. Medicare is not a problem with coverage (in most patients).

Jacob:
I'm 52 yrs.old 200lbs. over weight. I had back surgery in 2001 twice which went south and that's how I gained the weight. Will this surgery help me lose the weight so I can get back to a normal life an maybe back to work?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jacob -- THis surgery will help you to lose weight and return to a normal life.

Terri:
What are some of the foods that you may not eat after the procedure? My Husband just had it this week and I want to make sure I have the proper food for him? I know he needs protein - I have bought ensure High Protein and all the required items on the list. But I am worried about the next phrase. Thank you so much. Penn was wonderful to me and my husband.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Terri - Thank you for your question. Following surgery there is a progression from liquids to solid foods. If you have specific questions, please feel free to give us a call at 1-800-789-PENN.

Sharon:
I am 5'4 and 195 lbs. Would someone my size be considered for this type of surgery.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Sharon, To determine your BMI you can go to the University of Pennsylvania department of surgery website (look under laproscopic surgery then obesity surgery), or just Google BMI calculator. Once you have determined your BMI, the criteria is a BMI of 40 or greater, or 35 or greater with obesity related health problems.

V. Benson:
I smoked for 10 years, stopped a year and a half ago and have gained over 70lbs. I have breathing problems and I can not walk more than a block without feeling exhausted. Because I smoked for many years is this surgery an option for me?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
You would have to be evaluated from a pulmonary stand point to determine whether you are a candidate for surgery.

Robert Merrigan:
As a comment to the show.... I loved the show, very informative. I went through a dramatic weight loss back in '96 and '97, but gained the weight back and more. I started at 185lbs. in '96 and at the time off my layoff in '97, I was 145lbs.

The weight loss came from poor nutrietion, smoking, and running around a warehouse all day. The weight gain came from going through a bad period of my life.

I have quit smoking (smoke free for close to two years), got a better job and taking control of my life... Just would like info for weight loss support groups.

Sandie:
Are there any support groups availabe in New Jersey (South Jersey)

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Sandie - Thank you for your question. Please call 1-800-789-PENN for more information regarding support group information.

Anita:
What can be done with the excess skin, if its removed is that in included in the cost of the surgery.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Anita, Plastic surgery is an option to remove excess skin. Insurance will cover the procedure if it is medically necessary. Unfornately plastic surgery is not covered as part of Bariatric Surgery.

Linda:
I am 160 pounds over weight. I have had 2 heart surgeries, I am diabetic, high blood pressure all the ills that go with obesity. Medicare/disablity can I get help?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Linda -- You are a potential candidate for surgery, but would have to have full medical and cardiac evaluation.

Jim:

I have COPD and had emergency AAA surgery two years ago. Will this prevent me from having this procedure?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jim -- This would make you a poor candidate for surgery.

Audrey:
Thank goodness I currently do not have any health issues except I am over 100 pounds overweight. Since I do not have any issues would my insurance be less likely to pay? I have Keystone East.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Audrey - If you 100 pounds overweight, your medical insurance should cover this, regardless if you currently do not have any medical problem

Grace:
How long after the surgery will I be able to drive and return to work?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Grace, You need to wait 2 weeks following surgery to drive. Most patients wait at least 4 weeks to return to work (however, this varies depending on the type of job).

Dee:

I am interested in the surgery and know several people who have had it. My fear is being put to sleep. Can this surgery be done by not being put to sleep?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Dee -- Unfortunately, you do need general anesthesia for this procedure and therefore cannot be done without putting you to sleep

Megan:
i am 5'8 300lbs i was wondering if i was eligable for the surgery

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Megan, You would need to determine your BMI. BMI calculators can be found by simply googling BMI calculator. The criteria for surgery are a BMI of 40 or greater, or a BMI of 35 or greater with obesity related health problems.

Jackie O:
I had my gastric bypass performed elsewhere exactly 2 years ago this week. I lost over 100 lbs, but still cannot seem to take off another 40 to 50 lbs. Do I increase exercise and can you recommend some lean protein foods you advise your patients to eat? Thank you.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Jackie - Thank you for your question. Exercise is key to weight loss. We recommend lean proteins such as skinless chicken, turkey, lean ground beef and low-fat dairy products.

Carol:
Do you remove the gall bladder during surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Carol -- If you have gall stones in your gall bladder and have symptoms attributable to this, your gall bladder should be removed.

Michele:
Are the support meetings held during the day or are they different times of the day?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Michele, Our support group meeting is held on the 2nd saturday of each month from 10am to 12pm at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. You can obtain more information by calling 1-800-789-PENN.

Lisa:
What is the minimum weight requirement for this type of surgery?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Lisa - To qualify as a candidate, you must be 100 pounds overweight or approximately 80 pounds overweight with medical problems.

Kathie & Cliff:
To everyone on the team....just a note to say your unending support and true caring is so appreciated. Between the 2 of us, we are 309 lbs lighter! Thanks

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Kathie and Cliff - Thank you for your message. You both are great success stories.

Theresa:
If a patient is severely obese, which I am, is the procedure different in any way? I have read a lot about the surgery and I was wondering if you perform the distal RNY on super morbidly obese people?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Theresa -- If you are a super obese patient, you will have a long RNY.

Greg:
How long does the actual procedure tend to take?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Greg, The operation on average takes 2 hours to perform.

Elissa:
What is the hospital stay after the surgery?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Elissa - The hospital stay is approximately four days.

Kate:
Dr Williams, you've created a monster! My husband has lost 75 lbs so far, and now he won't leave me alone. He's acting like a teenager instead of a 53 year old man. (thanks)

Barbara:
In general, what is the most important factor when you are evaluating a person for this operation? I have a very bad back with herniations at every level of my lumbar spine. I have had three back operations and all failed. I now weigh 222lbs.I have been able to take of about 70lb over the last nine years but cannot get under 200 no matter what I do. I also am diabetic and take the oral medication. I am 5'4''tall. and 60 years old. I was an LPN and got hurt lifting a patient. This happened nine years ago. I am very unhappy because of my weight and the chronic pain I live with. I believe if I could lose the weight the pain would not be so difficult to live with. Can you help me?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Barbara -- we would need to see you in the office for an evaluation to see if you are a candidate for surgery.

Kat:
I had v-tac and it was corrected with ablation. No problems since. I am 5'6 and 230. My belly is a sagging disgusting sight. My husband wants the woman he married back. Is this surgery available near Lancaster, PA ?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Kat, Our health system does not have a hospital in Lancaster. You are welcome to come to Philadelphia if you are interested in having surgery performed by our team.

Chris:
I eat much of the time even after I am full. Sometimes to the point of getting sick. If its there i will eat it. Is there help for me with the lap surgery?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Chris - Thank you for your question. The surgery prevents you from being able to eat large portions of food. However, if you do not change your eating behaviors, you will have a difficult time being successful. Many patients seek the assistance of a psychologist to help them with their behavioral issues.

Kumar
I heard that it takes about a year of research and treatment before surgery is this true and what kind of treatments do you do?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Kumar -- It takes 4-6 months to get an appointment for an evaluation.

Susan:
Is there a charge or requirement to go to the support meetings?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Susan, There is no charge for the support group for pre operative patients. Post operative patients are charged $5 per session.

Gerry:
Where are the support groups and when do they meet? Does it cost anything to attend the meetings?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Gerry - Thank you for your question. We do have support groups available at Penn. After surgery, there is a nominal fee of $5 to attend the meetings. Please call 1-800-789-PENN for more information on our support group meetings.

Karen:
I am currently weighing in quite over the 100 lbs to be considered. I have a few other health issues of high blood pressure, and a very bad case of cellulitis in my legs. Would either of those take me off othe list of being considered? And what is the number to call for an evaluation. Thank you for presenting the program and helping so many so far, I hope to one on the road to a normal life again with your help.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Karen, Your health problems are common in obesity. We would need to meet you and perform a complete history and physical examination as well as cardiac evaluation do determine if Bariatric Surgery is safe for you. To make an appoinment please call 1-800-789-PENN. I'm glad the show was helpful!

Elese:
I have try a lot of diets and fail. I have fatty breast under my arms and my arms are large. Can you assist me in this situation?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Elese -- You could attend one of our support group meetings to find out more information. Please call 1-800-789-PENN.

Roberta:
Do you have any memorable patients? Folks who just excelled beyond expectaions?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Roberta - We have very successful patients, in fact last year one of our patients competed in her first triatholon. If you would like more information, contact 1-800-789-PENN to attend one of our support group meetings.

Jo Anne:
After I have lost the weight, what happens to my skin tone? Also, I was told that if you are unable to connect my intestins to the new stomach (Gastic Bypass), then Lap Band surgery is performed. Is this true?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jo Anne -- 95% of patients are able to have their intestines connected. In situations where this is not safe, a band is placed for the vertical banded gastroplasty operation. Many people require plastic surgery for their skin tone.

Jeanne:
Does anyone of you do the gastric band and if so how safe and is it? I hope not a material of latex is used as I am highly allergic.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Jeanne, Currently we have not performed the LAP BAND. THis has been due to lack of insurance coverage in pennsylvania. Our team is however trained in this procedure and are willing to evaluate patients for this operation. We are unsure if the band is safe with a latex allergy. Please call our office to discuss this further 1800 789 PENN.

Diana:
Hi, I am very much over weight, over220 lbs. I have diabetes, high blood pressure, brachial plaxis. I have tried to lose weight on my own, and I can't seem to want to do anything. I need help

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Diana - Thank you for your question. If you are approximately 80 pounds overweight, because of your medical conditions, you would meet the criteria. To schedule an evaluation, call 1-800-789-PENN.

Pat:
Dr. Williams, I am considering the surgery - I had a VBG 20 yrs. ago. Can you address the added risks for a VBG patient, if any, and have you performed the RNY on someone who has had a VBG? What is success rate? Thank you.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Pat -- You will have to be fully evaluated before a decision can be made to do the conversion. Please call 1-800-789-PENN to schedule an evaluation.

Lona:
Is the surgery performed at both Penn hospitals? Does Dr. Kirkland still operate at 8th & Spruce? How long are you usually an inpatient? How long before you have a follow-up visit with the doctor?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Lona, Yes, Dr. Kirkland does Bariatric surgery at Pennsylvania Hospital (8th & Spruce). The inpatient stay is on average 4 days. The initial follow up visit occurs at 10 days post operatively.

Chester:
I am concerned about my sister-in-law. She is between 350-400lbs. She does not want any help from us, nor does she want to help herself! how do we get her off the couch and in to treament? We did order your info, and when we told her that she got very upset.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Chester - The decision to have surgery is an individual decision. The person needs to be 100% sure that this is best option. To learn more about the bariatric surgery programs at PENN, call 1-800-789-PENN.

Benson:
I weigh 190lbs, 4'11", could I be considered for this surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Benson -- Yes, you would be a candidate. Please call 1-800-789-PENN to schedule an evaluation.

Payton:
Hi Dr. Williams - Great show tonight! Is there any health risks 15 years from now? Has any studies been shown?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Payton -- Thanks for your question. Studies have shown that if patients are followed carefully, there will not be any long term health risks.

Plummer:
I am on a blood thinner. Does taht matter? The test for pulmonary embolism and clots in the lungs were inconclusive.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Blood thinners are not a contraindication for surgery. We would need to meet you for an initial consultation and discuss your current health status & health history to determine if Surgery is safe for you.

Susan:
What is "dumping?" And can you ever eat normal proportions again? What is the death rate for this procedure? Thank you.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Susan - Dumping is a side effect of eating simple sugars. Some symptoms are abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, headache and light-headedness. Following the surgery, you will need to consume small portions of food. Mortality rate for this surgery is .5%.

Colleen:
I had gastric bypass surgery. If you are depressed and really tried every diet without lasting results it is worth the couple weeks of recovery.

Roberta:
Is there pain postoperatively?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Roberta, Yes there is pain following surgery. We manage the pain with medications. The pain resolves on average about 1-2 weeks following surgery.

Dave:
Is it true that you can not drink carbonated beverages after the surgery ?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Dave - Carbonated beverages are not encouraged for the first couple of months following surgery. Some people are not able to tolerate theses types of beverages again after surgery. Every individual is different.

Gabrielle:
I had the surgery on July 16,2002. It was a success with no complications. However, I AM CONCERNED because I WENT FROM 312 lbs to 109. I am 5'4 inches is this a healthy weight for me? I was featured in health system news & also on maury povich show because of this weight loss.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Gabrielle - Please call my office to discuss your question.

Barbara:
Can you get pregnant after the procedure? I am a 25 years old I have no children and I am about 125 over weight and I am thinking about getting the procedure, But I am wondering if I can have kids after the surgery

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Barbara, Yes, you can have children following surgery. It is necessary to wait at least 18 months until the rapid weight loss has ceased. During pregnancy close attention to nutrition must be observed.

Nancy:
I have heard that alot of people that have this stomach bypass...have gas and burp alot. Is that true? We never hear the bad things about surgeries, and I would love to know. I'm wheelchair bound now because of my weight which is a long story, but need to know as much as possible and doctors in my area really could care less. They just say go on a diet. Thanks for any info you can give.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Nancy - To qualify for this procedure you would need to be 100 pounds overweight or approximately 80 pounds overweight with medical problems. To learn more about the bariatric program at PENN, please call 1-800-789-PENN.

Diana:
Hi, I am very much overweight, over 220 lbs. I have diabetes, high blood pressure and a lot of other ailments. I've tried to lose weight own my own but I have no will power and no energy. My son has just joined the Army and left in March for boot camp, and since he left, all my motivation is gone. I also have brachial plexus on in my right arm, shoulder, shoulder blade and hand. I've had this for over 1 year and I am not active at all from this. Can someone please help me? I really need to lose weight so I can see my children get married. Thank you very much!

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Diana - Please call 1-800-789-PENN to schedule an evaluation.

Ricky:
Do you recommand this if you want to have children in a couple of years?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Ricky, It is possible to become pregant safely at about 18 months following surgery. You must wait until the rapid weight loss period has ceased. It is imperative to pay close attention to nutrition throughout the pregnancy.

Sandie:
I have Keystone Health Plan East. Could you advise me, besides a referral, what out of pocket cost would I be required to pay?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Sandie -- Contact Keystone Health directly for this information.

Ag:
I drink approx.1 gallon of water daily. How will this be modified after surgery and what are your recommendations to prevent dehydration?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Ag - After surgery, you must drink slowly. To prevent dehydration, we recommend 48 to 64 ounces of fluids per day.

Roberta:
Is this the only GI surgery you do?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Roberta, Dr. Williams, & Dr. Kirkland perform a variety of Gastrointestinal surgical procedures.

Meagan:
Shoud I go to my primary care physician, or go directly to you? I currently have CIGNA HMO. Is this usually covered by my program? I really enjoyed your TV program which aired this evening.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Meagan -- Contact your primary care physician and your Cigna HMO to find out more information. Generally, we do accept Cigna.

Joanne:
Do you accept Mid-Atlantic insurance?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Joanne, You would need to contact your insurance company and ask if they cover the procedure. I am not familiar with this insurance company.

Denise:
To attend a support group meeting, do you need to register for the group or can you just attend.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Denise, You may attend a support group meeting without registering.

Debbe:
During the initial consultation and your experience with HMO insurance coverage for previous patients would you have an idea if my insurance will pay for the surgery?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Debbe -- Contact your insurance company to find out if this surgery would be covered.

Gabrielle:
Dr. Williams, please keep me in mind for any kind of media stories such as this. I had made remarkable results. I was in health system news, The Daily News & Maury Show, praising you for changing my life dramatically. People don't even notice me any more. I have gone from 312 to 109 with hardly any extra skin. I will be seeing you in July for my annual check up. Thank you!

Jeanne:
I work for virtua and the make up pay and out of network copay is $500.00. Do you or would you do the surgery in a new jersey hospital ?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Jeanne, We do not have a hospital in New Jersey.

Roberta:
Why does the weight loss vary so much from person to person?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Roberta - Weight loss depends on the size of the patient as well as the individual's eating and behavior modification.

Debbe:
Are support groups only in "the city"?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Debbe, Yes, our support group meetings take place only at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.

Theresa:
Do you know what percentage of people are unsuccessful after having the surgery? And what is the most common case of their lack of success?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Theresa -- Approximately 95% of patients are successful. This can be as much as 100% as long as proper directions are followed after surgery.

Rose:
I am a patient of Dr. Kirkland and I had my surgery on January 26th of 2004. I have lost 53 pounds so far, but I feel I should have lost more by now. Also, I am having trouble drinking water since after the surgery. It makes me very nauseous. I know I am not drinking as much as I should. Is is normal to get sick from water after surgery? Great info show tonight.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Rose - Every individual is different. If you are having difficulty drinking liquids, you should contact your physician.

Phil:
I just got approved for gastric bypass by my insurance provider. How long will it take to have surgery with Dr. Kirkland? I had my first visit in February 4 and was set for surgery in March 16, 2004 but put off by denied claim. I am approved to get operation, but a 6 month time limit is all they gave me.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Phil - Thank you for your question. It would be best for you to contact your physician directly with this question.

Faith:
I've had this surgery suggested to me by two doctors. I believe I fit the criteria as far as weight but there are medical conditions that I have that I wonder about, specifically Crohns-Crohns/colitis, which is in remission. However other conditions seem to be mounting up each year and quite frankly I'm terrified. The weight, the meds, or the surgery all seem deadly, but I'm getting serious for something.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Faith -- You would need to be evaluated by one of our GI physicians before making a decision for surgery. Call 1-800-789-PENN to make an appointment.

Audrey:
How does this procedure differ from the stomach stapling that use to take place years ago. I remember many people had problems with the stapling afterwards.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Audrey, We would need to see a copy of the Operative report. There have been a variety of weight loss surgical procedures performed and we would need to see specifically what procedure you are referring to. Please feel free to contact our office to discuss further 1800 789 PENN.

Mary:
Thank You to Dr. Williams, Katie and Rachel for spending your Saturday night answering all the questions. It was great and informative. I am so looking forward to my in life that is coming in May.

Jeff:
I am considering the surgery. I tend to get uric acid kidney stones from too much protein. Will it be worse after the procedure?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jeff -- You would have to be very well hydrated after the surgery to decrease the incidence of kidney stones.

Sandy:
What condition would preculde you from surgery

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Sandy, Each patient is evaluated on an individual basis to determine if their health conditions create a contraindication to surgery. There is not a list of health problems. It truly depends on the patient and the severity of the health problems.

Michele:
I don't know if my message went through...I am 57 years old and
I had a open RNY on August 30, 2002. I was 357 lbs. I have lost 100 lbs since my surgery date. I don't feel that my surgery was successful. I have consulted with my surgeons, dietitians, PCP and no one can tell me why I am not losing weight. I go to the gym 3-4 days a week and work out 1-1.5 hours. My daily calorie count is between 800-1300 daily with at least 100 grams of protein. I don't feel that my surgery was a success because I have stopped losing weight. I have not lost any weight since June 2003. Could there be a reason why I haven't lost any more weight. I read how so many people lose their weight, get off their meds, I still take all the same medications and my weight loss has stopped.

Any answers???? PLEASE HELP!!

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi Michele - Thank you for your question. The typical weight loss period is between 12 and 18 months following surgery. After that, it depends on the individual. If you have specific questions regarding your situation, we advise you to speak with your physician.

Jennell:
How long does this surgical procedure usually require a patient to be under anesthesia?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Jennell - The surgery lasts about two and half hours.

Debbe:
Does this surgery increase symptoms of IBS?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Debbe, No the procedure does not increase these symptoms.

cv:
I am about 95 lbs overweight, am I a likely candidate for this?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Hi CV - Candidates for this surger are 100 pounds overweight or approximately 80 pounds with obesity-related complications. For more information, call 1-800-789-PENN.

Theresa:
Is the laproscopic procedure impossible to perform on someone who is over 400lbs.?

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Theresa -- In general, the procedure is not done laparoscopically in patients over 450 lbs.

Carol:
Are the doctors and the team only affliated with the University of Penn? Or do they have other hospital affliations where they perform the surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Carol, Our health system currently has Bariatric Teams at The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania Hospital.

Mae
How common is leaking? My friend was very sick with this after her surgery.

Noel N. Williams, MD:
Mae -- Leaks take place in 1% of patients

Audrey:
As I stated in an earlier post I am scheduled to meet with Dr. Williams in July. What should I do in the meantime? Should I try to be more careful about what I am eating and/or exercise so that I am as healthy as can be for surgery?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Audrey, It is always helpful to be losing weight prior to your office visit. It is also helpful to get whatever health problems you have tuned up and under as best control as possible prior to your visit.

Eileen:
So much of what I've heard tonight is that this surgery is a piece of cake, every one comes out fit as a fiddle. I'd appreciate knowing the down sides and just what exactly can and has gone wrong after surgery. This way we can made an informed decision as to whether we do want this operation.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
The population getting bariatric surgery is high risk to begin with. There are many complications that can occur, however, choosing the appropriate facility is important. The risks of the surgery decrease with the expertise of the surgeon. At Penn, we have done over 1000 operations. Log on to the Bariatric Surgery Program at Penn website to learn more about the surgery. To schedule an evaluation please contact 1-800-789-PENN

LB:
I am 235lbs 5'3 I suffer from Hepatitis C, diabetes 2, high blood pressure and acid reflux. I currently am covered by mercy keystone. Would they cover the surgery? I'm waiting on a hearing for disability.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
If medically necessary, Keystone Mercy will cover the surgery. To qualify for surgery, you need to be approximately 100 pounds overweight (BMI of 40) or a BMI of 35 with obesity related health problems, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. To determine your BMI, body mass index, please log on to the Penn Bariatric Surgery Program website.

Dee:
I've just read some previous questions and would like to know what is considered super obese and what is rny? I will be calling next your office to begin the surgery process. Thanks for the info.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
Super obesity is anyone with a BMI of 50 or greater. To determine your BMI, please log on to the PENN Bariatric Surgery Program website. Roux-en-Y is the name of the gastric bypass that is performed, which involves creating a smaller stomach for food to enter and bypassing a portion of your intesting. You can also find this information on the Bariatric Surgery Program website.

Olive:
I am currently 360lbs. I had 2 c-sections in 2001 and 2003. Currently I am diagnosed with sleep apnea and high blood pressure. I have aetna as my insurance. Am i a candidate?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
If you are 100 pounds overweight, [Jones, Veronica] most insurance companies will cover the surgery. Having a c-section will not prevent you from getting surgery.

Debbe:
Do I need my primary care physician's approval?

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
If you have an HMO, you need a referral from your primary care physician. It is recommended that you follow up with your primary doctor for bloodwork and other health problems that may improve following surgery.

Elizabeth:
I have an initial appt. with Dr. Williams in August. I want to know what I need to bring to the appt. Should I have had a psych evaluation before I come in? Should I be attending any meetings before the appt? Thanks in advance!

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN:
If required, you need to bring in a referral from your primary care physician on the day of your appointment. The psychological evaluation will be scheduled on the day of your initial visit. Support groups are availiable prior to the initial visit with the surgeon. To learn more about support group meetings, please call 1-800-789-PENN.

Lisa:
I have lost about 209lbs.I have a little skin sagging in between my legs and on my tummy. Sometimes it rubs & gets sore. Can you recommend a plastic surgeon that will help my health insurance cover this? I heard if it is medically neccessary that it is covered. My doctors told me with the soreness it possibly is medically neccessary.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
There is an excellent group of plastic surgeons at the University of Pennsylvania. They recommend that you go to your Bariatric Surgeon first and obtain a letter that states you are an appropriate candidate for surgery. Once you have that letter you can call the Plastic surgery office to make an appointment. If you had your Bariatric Surgery performed at HUP, we would be happy to evaluate you for this procedure.

Lona:
I've seen several questions relating to insurance coverage. As a medical collection specialist, I highly recommend they speak directly to their insurance carrier before their initial consultation. If possible, their PCP (primary care physician)could help them explain to the carrier their medical issues and why the surgery would be beneficial for them. I would think it would be hard to wait for the initial consult only to find out it may not be a covered benefit.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
We agree. Prior to making an initial appointment, we send patients a letter stating they need to contact their insurance carrier to ensure the procedure is covered.

Ricky:
How likely is it that after having a baby that you gain most of your weight back?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
This is unlikely. So far our patients who have given birth following Bariatric Surgery have been able to keep their weight off by exercising and consuming a healthy diet.

John:
I just want to say to all of the pre-ops out there and those considering the surgery - come to one of our support group meetings and learn about what life is all about post-WLS. You'll find a great outpouring of love and friendship. If you are like I was (and many others) as a pre-op, you didn't want to spend a lot of time in public due to self-consciousness about your size. Well, at the HUP support group, there are lots of people that are either like you or were like you once. There are so many successful post-ops at HUP that if you met them on the street and didn't know they had the surgery, you never would have guessed it. Thanks to Drs. Williams and Raper, Rachel, Katie and the rest of the staff from my wife and I - both WLS post-ops.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
I agree. The Support Group meetings are the best way to understand life after surgery from people who have lived it!

Roberta:
Do the psycological appts. continue after surgery??

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
The psychology appointments with our team do not continue after surgery. Many of our patients do however continue counseling by an outside psychiatric provider following surgery. Our psychologists are available if needed when a patient needs guidance, however this occurs on an individual patient basis.

Mo:
W as my question about being a teacher and not being able to go the bathroom when needed ever answered?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Many of our patients are teachers and have been fine returning to work. This has not presented a problem if patients take enough time off from work to recover from the operation (4-6 weeks).

Diane:
I take alot of medications daily for depression,back pain,and to sleep. In DE they said because I craved suger and was so depressed they denied me. Would you also deny me?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
This is hard to say. We would have to evaluate you both from a medical standpoint and psychologic standpoint to make that type of decision.

Jennell:
How long does it take to compplete this surgical procedure?

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
The actual operation takes about 2 hours.

Edaa:
Would like to know how much work time has been lost after surgery

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP:
Most patients take 4-6 weeks off of work. This varies on the type of work patients do.

Noel N. Williams, MD, FRCSI, Director of the Bariatric Surgery Program
Dr. Williams was appointed to the PENN Faculty in 1997. As well as being a Gastrointestinal Surgeon at Penn, Dr. Williams is the Director of the Bariatric Surgery Program, William T. Fitts Surgical Education Center and the Center for Minimally Invasive Therapy at Penn. His principle clinical interests are bariatric surgery, gastrointestinal surgery (including inflammatory and neoplastic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract), and minimally invasive surgery.

Kathryn L. Burg MSN, CRNP, Nurse Practitioner
Kathryn Burg is a nurse practitioner with over eight years experience in gastrointestinal and cardiac surgery. For three years, she worked as a staff nurse caring for bariatric and general surgery patients. After obtaining her Masters degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1998, she worked as an inpatient general surgery nurse practitioner. At this time, she collaborated with Dr. Williams and Dr. Raper to manage bariatric surgery patients. After working as an inpatient nurse practitioner in cardiac surgery, she returned to general surgery as the program coordinator of the Bariatric Surgery Program in July 2003.

Rachel Griehs, MS, RD, LDN, Bariatric Clinical Specialist
Rachel Griehs is a registered dietitian and received her master's degree in clinical nutrition from New York University. She has worked in the outpatient and inpatient setting. In 2001, she became certified in Adult Weight Management through the American Dietetic Association. She has been the Clinical Specialist for the Bariatric Surgery Program since January 2002. Ms. Griehs is responsible for the pre and post-operative nutrition care of bariatric surgery patients and works with members of the surgical team.

 


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