Glioblastoma multiforme - adults; Ependymoma - adults; Glioma - adults; Astrocytoma - adults; Medulloblastoma - adults; Neuroglioma - adults; Oligodendroglioma - adults; Meningioma - adults; Cancer - brain tumor (adults)

A primary brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that start in the brain. This article focuses on primary brain tumors in adults.

See also:

• Brain tumor - metastatic (cancer that has spread to the brain)
• Brain tumor - children

Primary brain tumors include any tumor that starts in the brain. Tumors may be confined to a small area, invasive (spread to nearby areas), benign (not cancerous), or malignant (cancerous).

Tumors can directly destroy brain cells. They can also indirectly damage cells by producing inflammation, compressing other parts of the brain as the tumor grows, causing swelling in the brain, and increasing pressure within the skull.

Brain tumors are classified depending on the exact site of the tumor, the type of tissue involved, benign or malignant tendencies of the tumor, and other factors. Primary brain tumors can arise from the brain cells, the meninges (membranes around the brain), nerves, or glands.

The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown. This is because they are rare, there are many types, and there are many possible risk factors that could play a role. Exposure to some types of radiation, head injuries, and hormone replacement therapy may be risk factors, as well as many others. The risk of using cell phones is hotly debated.

Some inherited conditions increase the risk of brain tumors, including neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Turcot's syndrome.

Tumors may occur at any age, but many specific tumors have a particular age group in which they are most common. In adults, gliomas and meningiomas are most common.

SPECIFIC TUMOR TYPES

• Astrocytic tumors include astrocytomas (less malignant), anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastomas (most malignant). Astrocytomas can progress over time more malignant forms, including glioblastoma.
• Oligodendroglial tumors also can vary from low grade to very malignant. Some primary brain tumors are composed of both astrocytic and oligodendrocytic tumors. These are called mixed gliomas.
• Glioblastomas are the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor. These may or may not arise from a prior lower grade primary brain tumor.

Meningiomas are another type of brain tumor. These tumors:

• Occur most commonly between the ages of 40-70
• Much more common in women.
• While 90% are benign, they still may cause devastating complications and death due to their size or location. Some are cancerous and aggressive.

Other primary brain tumors in adults are rare and include ependymomas, craniopharyngiomas, pituitary tumors, pineal gland tumors, and primary germ cell tumors of the brain.

The specific symptoms depend on the tumor's size, location, degree of invasion, and related swelling. Headaches, seizures, weakness in one part of the body, and changes in the person's mental functions are most common.

Symptoms may include:

• Headache -- a persistent headache that is new for the person, worse on awakening
• Vomiting -- possibly accompanied by nausea; more severe in the morning
• Personality and behavior changes
• Emotional instability, rapid emotional changes
• Loss of memory, impaired judgment
• Seizures that are new for the person
• Reduced alertness
• Double vision, decreased vision
• Hearing loss
• Decreased sensation of a body area
• Weakness of a body area
• Speech difficulties
• Decreased coordination, clumsiness, falls
• Fever (sometimes)
• Weakness, lethargy
• General ill feeling
• Positive Babinski's reflex
• Decerebrate posture
• Decorticate posture

• Tongue problems
• Swallowing difficulty
• Impaired sense of smell
• Obesity
• Uncontrollable movement
• Dysfunctional movement
• Absent menstruation
• Hiccups
• Hand tremor
• Facial paralysis
• Eye abnormalities
  • pupils different sizes
  • uncontrollable movements
  • eyelid drooping
• Confusion
• Breathing, absent temporarily
• Unusual or strange behavior

A doctor can often identify signs and symptoms that are specific to the location of the tumor. Some tumors may not show symptoms until they are very large and cause a rapid decline in the person's mental functions. Other tumors have symptoms that develop slowly.

Most brain tumors increase pressure within the skull and compress brain tissue because of their size and weight.

The following tests may confirm the presence of a brain tumor and identify its location:

• CT scan of the head
• MRI of the head
• EEG
• Examination of tissue removed from the tumor during surgery or CT-guided biopsy (may confirm the exact type of tumor)
• Examination of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) may reveal cancerous cells