Spinal fusion is surgery to correct problems in the spine bones (vertebrae). The surgery stabilizes the back by fusing certain bones in the spine together. Fusing means two bones are permanently placed together (“fused”) so that movement between them can no longer occur.

Spinal fusion surgery uses bone grafts, with or without screws, plates, cages, or other devices. The bone grafts are placed around the problem area of the spine during surgery. As the body heals itself, the graft helps join the bones together.

The most common spinal area treated is the lower (lumbar) spine. However, it can also be done on the upper (cervical) spine.

The procedure is performed while you are under general anesthesia (unconscious and pain-free). The surgeon makes a cut over the area of the spine that will be treated.

If you are having a problem in the lower spine corrected, the repair is done through a surgical cut made directly over the spine. This is called the posterior lumbar approach.

If you are having a problem in the upper spine corrected, the repair is usually done through a surgical cut in the front or side of the neck (anterior cervical spine).

If you are having a problem in the middle spine corrected, the repair is sometimes done through a surgical cut in the chest and abdomen (anterior thoracic spine).

Depending on the reason for surgery, the procedure may involve a combination of surgical cuts.

Spinal fusion may be recommended for abnormal curvatures, such as those seen with scoliosis or kyphosis. It may also be used to treat or correct the following conditions:

• Injury or fractures to the bones in the spine
• Herniated disk
• Weak or unstable spine caused by infections or tumors

Risks for any anesthesia include the following:

• Reactions to medications
• Problems breathing

• Bleeding
• Infection

• Urinary difficulties (including urinary retention)
• Temporarily decreased or absent intestinal function (paralytic ileus)