Trisomy 18 is a genetic disorder associated with the presence of extra material from chromosome 18.

Edwards syndrome

Trisomy 18 is a relatively common syndrome affecting approximately 1 out of 3,000 live births. It is three times more common in girls than boys. The syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra material from chromosome 18. The extra material interferes with normal development.

• Clenched hands
• Crossed legs (preferred position)
• Heart disease (congenital)
• Hole, split, or cleft in the iris (coloboma)
• Kidney problems
• Low birth weight
• Low-set ears
• Mental deficiency
• Separation between the left and right side of the rectus abdominis muscle (diastasis recti)
• Small head (microcephaly)
• Small jaw (micrognathia)
• Umbilical hernia or inguinal hernia
• Underdeveloped fingernails
• Undescended testicle
• Unusual shaped chest (Pectus carinatum)

Examination of the pregnant woman may show an unusually large uterus and extra amniotic fluid. An unusually small placenta may be seen when the baby is born.

Physical examination of the infant may show unusual finger print patterns. X-rays may show a short breast bone. Chromosome studies show trisomy 18, partial trisomy, or translocation.

There are often signs of congenital heart disease, such as:

• VSD (ventricular septal defect)
• ASD (atrial septal defect)
• PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)

Tests may also show kidney problems, including:

• Horseshoe kidney
• Hydronephrosis
• Polycystic kidney