Hypospadias is a relatively common congenital (present from birth) defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside, rather than at the end, of the penis.

See also: Epispadias

Hypospadias affects up to 3 in 1,000 newborn boys.

The condition varies in severity. In most cases, the opening of the urethra is located near the tip of the penis on the glans. More severe forms of hypospadias occur when the opening is at the midshaft or the base of the penis. Occasionally, the opening is located in or behind the scrotum.

The condition is often associated with a downward curvature of the penis during an erection. (Erections are common with infant boys.)

Some cases are passed down through families, while others result from unknown causes.

Symptoms include:

• Abnormal spraying of urine
• Downward curvature of the penis
• Having to sit down to urinate
• Malformed foreskin that makes the penis look "hooded"
• Urethra opening on the underside of the penis

A physical examination can diagnose this condition. Imaging tests may be needed to look for other congenital defects.